• connfigparser模块
• xml模块
• shutil模块以及压缩解压
• subprocess模块
• 面向对象（上）
• 类和对象

onfigParser

用于对特定的配置进行操作，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。

# 注释1; 注释2 [section1]k1 = v1k2:v2 [section2]k1 = v1

import ConfigParser config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()config.read('i.cfg') # ########## 读 ###########secs = config.sections()#print secs#options = config.options('group2')#print options #item_list = config.items('group2')#print item_list #val = config.get('group1','key')#val = config.getint('group1','key') # ########## 改写 ###########sec = config.remove_section('group1')#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi')#sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi')#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))  #config.set('group2','k1',11111)#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #config.remove_option('group2','age')#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))

xml模块

shutil模块以及压缩解压

高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块

shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])

将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容

def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):    """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""    while 1:        buf = fsrc.read(length)        if not buf:            break        fdst.write(buf)

shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

拷贝文件

def copyfile(src, dst):    """Copy data from src to dst"""    if _samefile(src, dst):        raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))    for fn in [src, dst]:        try:            st = os.stat(fn)        except OSError:            # File most likely does not exist            pass        else:            # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)            if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):                raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)    with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:        with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:            copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)

shutil.copymode(src, dst)

仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

def copymode(src, dst):    """Copy mode bits from src to dst"""    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):        st = os.stat(src)        mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)        os.chmod(dst, mode)

shutil.copystat(src, dst)

拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

def copystat(src, dst):    """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""    st = os.stat(src)    mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)    if hasattr(os, 'utime'):        os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):        os.chmod(dst, mode)    if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):        try:            os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)        except OSError, why:            for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':                if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):                    break            else:                raise

shutil.copy(src, dst)

拷贝文件和权限

def copy(src, dst):    """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").    The destination may be a directory.    """    if os.path.isdir(dst):        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))    copyfile(src, dst)    copymode(src, dst)

shutil.copy2(src, dst)

拷贝文件和状态信息

def copy2(src, dst):    """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").    The destination may be a directory.    """    if os.path.isdir(dst):        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))    copyfile(src, dst)    copystat(src, dst)

shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)

shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)

递归的去拷贝文件

例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

def ignore_patterns(*patterns):    """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.    Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns    that are used to exclude files"""    def _ignore_patterns(path, names):        ignored_names = []        for pattern in patterns:            ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))        return set(ignored_names)    return _ignore_patternsdef copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):    """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().    The destination directory must not already exist.    If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.    If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the    source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if    it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic    links are copied.    The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it    is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory    being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of    `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():        callable(src, names) -> ignored_names    Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be    called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a    list of names relative to the `src` directory that should    not be copied.    XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.    """    names = os.listdir(src)    if ignore is not None:        ignored_names = ignore(src, names)    else:        ignored_names = set()    os.makedirs(dst)    errors = []    for name in names:        if name in ignored_names:            continue        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)        try:            if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)                os.symlink(linkto, dstname)            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)            else:                # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types                copy2(srcname, dstname)        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can        # continue with other files        except Error, err:            errors.extend(err.args[0])        except EnvironmentError, why:            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))    try:        copystat(src, dst)    except OSError, why:        if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):            # Copying file access times may fail on Windows            pass        else:            errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))    if errors:        raise Error, errors

shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])

递归的去删除文件

def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, οnerrοr=None):    """Recursively delete a directory tree.    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror    is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,    path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;    path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and    exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors    is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.    """    if ignore_errors:        def onerror(*args):            pass    elif onerror is None:        def onerror(*args):            raise    try:        if os.path.islink(path):            # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669            raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")    except OSError:        onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())        # can't continue even if onerror hook returns        return    names = []    try:        names = os.listdir(path)    except os.error, err:        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())    for name in names:        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)        try:            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode        except os.error:            mode = 0        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)        else:            try:                os.remove(fullname)            except os.error, err:                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())    try:        os.rmdir(path)    except os.error:        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())

shutil.move(src, dst)

递归的去移动文件

def move(src, dst):    """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is    similar to the Unix "mv" command.    If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source    is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already    exist.    If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be    overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.    If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.    Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.    A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of    the issues this implementation glosses over.    """    real_dst = dst    if os.path.isdir(dst):        if _samefile(src, dst):            # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,            # perform the rename anyway.            os.rename(src, dst)            return        real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))        if os.path.exists(real_dst):            raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst    try:        os.rename(src, real_dst)    except OSError:        if os.path.isdir(src):            if _destinsrc(src, dst):                raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)            copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)            rmtree(src)        else:            copy2(src, real_dst)            os.unlink(src)

shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)

创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar

• • base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
    如：www                        =>保存至当前路径
    如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
  • format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
  • root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
  • owner： 用户，默认当前用户
  • group： 组，默认当前组
  • logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象

#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录 import shutilret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')  #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录import shutilret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')

shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：

import zipfile# 压缩z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')z.write('a.log')z.write('data.data')z.close()# 解压z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')z.extractall()z.close()

import tarfile# 压缩tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')tar.close()# 解压tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址tar.close()

import zipfilef = zipfile.ZipFile('text.zip', 'w')f.write('oooo.xml')f.write('readme.md')f.close()

subprocess模块

call 

执行命令，返回状态码

ret = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"], shell=False)ret = subprocess.call("ls -l", shell=True)

shell = True ，允许 shell 命令是字符串形式

check_call

执行命令，如果执行状态码是 0 ，则返回0，否则抛异常

subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True)

check_output

执行命令，如果状态码是 0 ，则返回执行结果，否则抛异常

subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"])subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True)

subprocess.Popen(...)

用于执行复杂的系统命令

参数：

• • args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
  • bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
  • stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
  • preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
  • close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
    所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
  • shell：同上
  • cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
  • env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
  • universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
  • startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
    将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等

import subprocessret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"])ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)

终端输入的命令分为两种：

• 输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig
• 输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python

import subprocessobj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd='/home/dev',)

import subprocessobj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ')obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ')obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ')obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ')obj.stdin.close()cmd_out = obj.stdout.read()obj.stdout.close()cmd_error = obj.stderr.read()obj.stderr.close()print cmd_outprint cmd_error

import subprocessobj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ')obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ')obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ')obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ')out_error_list = obj.communicate()print out_error_list

import subprocessobj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)out_error_list = obj.communicate('print "hello"')print out_error_list

面向对象